Fiscal policy, which involves government spending and taxes, is determined by a nation’s legislative body.For the United States, this is the Federal Reserve. Monetary policy, which involves policies that affect bank lending, interest rates, and financial capital markets, is conducted by a nation’s central bank.Macroeconomic policy pursues these goals through monetary policy and fiscal policy:
The most important macroeconomic goals are the following: What determines the level of economic activity in a society or nation?-that is, how many goods and services does it actually produce? What determines how many jobs are available in an economy? What determines a nation’s standard of living? What causes the economy to speed up or slow down? What causes firms to hire more workers or lay them off? Finally, what causes the economy to grow over the long term?Īn economy’s macroeconomic health can be assessed by a number of standards or goals. What determines the products, and how many of each, a firm will produce and sell? What determines what prices a firm will charge? What determines how a firm will produce its products? What determines how many workers it will hire? How will a firm finance its business? When will a firm decide to expand, downsize, or even close? In the microeconomic part of this text, we will learn about the theory of consumer behavior and the theory of the firm.
Micro focus interset full#
What determines how households and individuals spend their budgets? What combination of goods and services will best fit their needs and wants, given the budget they have to spend? How do people decide whether to work, and if so, whether to work full time or part time? How do people decide how much to save for the future, or whether they should borrow to spend beyond their current means?
In turn, the performance of the macroeconomy ultimately depends on the microeconomic decisions made by individual households and businesses. In economics, the micro decisions of individual businesses are influenced by the health of the macroeconomy-for example, firms will be more likely to hire workers if the overall economy is growing. In studying a lake, the “micro” insights about particular plants and animals help us to understand the overall food chain, while the “macro” insights about the overall food chain help to explain the environment in which individual plants and animals live. Whether you are looking at lakes or economics, the micro and the macro insights should illuminate each other. Macroeconomists might look at the larger ecosystem in this image, while a microeconomist would focus on specific features.
In a similar way, both microeconomics and macroeconomics study the same economy, but each has a different starting point, perspective, and focus.įigure 1. Both approaches are useful, and both researchers study the same lake, but the viewpoints are different. Another person might take an overall view and instead consider the entire ecosystem of the lake from top to bottom: what eats what, how the system remains in balance, and what environmental stresses affect this balance. One person who sets out to study the lake might focus on specific topics: certain kinds of algae or plant life the characteristics of particular fish or snails or the trees surrounding the lake. To understand why both microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives are useful, consider the problem of studying a biological ecosystem like a lake. Microeconomics and macroeconomics are not separate subjects but are, rather, complementary perspectives on the overall subject of the economy. It focuses on broad issues such as growth, unemployment, inflation, and trade balance. That ground can be divided into two parts: microeconomics focuses on the actions of individual agents within the economy, like households, workers, and businesses macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. It should be clear by now that economics covers a lot of ground.
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